My favorite place to go as a child Essay Example

My preferred spot to go as a kid Paper There is a slope toward the North of the town where I lived before that I jumped at the chance to go to as a kid. While remaining there I was unable to quit pondering the huge space before me. There was nothing there, yet it was not vacant. Everything was electric. Vitality from the lights and the individuals beneath appeared to fill the hole. Thoughts and feelings flied around one another before finding their way down to their proprietors who have not had the opportunity to see they have been missing. This was an extremely pleasant spot to think. I recall that each time I went there it resembled remaining at the mouth of a cavern made of cloud and earth that conceals the city from the remainder of the universe. From that point, the waterway appeared to be only a smear at the base of the slope, and on the off chance that you looked carefully, you could nearly observe the water crawling along the bed like a snake attempting to slip away into murkiness. I particularly preferred to go to that place after the downpour, when the air smelled spotless and fresh. During those minutes everything felt new, and like it may attempt to rain once more; perhaps leave a little puddle or two on the asphalt. I recall that each time I went to the slope I was joined by the breeze, which was blowing through the valley with power and force, as though a Greek god was normal us. The breeze was blowing my hair over my eyes and to the side of my face. Like shotgun shoot earth endeavors to enter my eye balls yet I consequently shut them guaranteeing the wellbeing of my understudies. We will compose a custom paper test on My preferred spot to go as a youngster explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on My preferred spot to go as a kid explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on My preferred spot to go as a youngster explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer I should concede that the breeze was keeping the valley alive and fretful and made me go to the slope over and over. At the point when the breeze was blowing like this I began to understand that nothing is left steady or the manner in which it was before hand. I comprehended that I can watch the common be revised and witness the resurrection of something that used to be old. Nothing is joined in the valley, everything is similarly as unattached as vagabonds who meander the field freed in their opportunity. My preferred spot to go as a kid Essay Example My preferred spot to go as a kid Paper There is a slope toward the North of the town where I lived before that I jumped at the chance to go to as a kid. While remaining there I was unable to quit contemplating the huge space before me. There was nothing there, yet it was not vacant. Everything was electric. Vitality from the lights and the individuals underneath appeared to fill the hole. Thoughts and feelings flied around one another before finding their way down to their proprietors who have not had the opportunity to see they have been missing. This was an extremely decent spot to think. I recollect that each time I went there it resembled remaining at the mouth of a cavern made of cloud and earth that conceals the city from the remainder of the universe. From that point, the waterway appeared to be only a smirch at the base of the slope, and in the event that you looked carefully, you could nearly observe the water crawling along the bed like a snake attempting to slip away into obscurity. I particularly preferred to go to that place after the downpour, when the air smelled spotless and fresh. During those minutes everything felt new, and like it may attempt to rain once more; perhaps leave a little puddle or two on the asphalt. I recollect that each time I went to the slope I was joined by the breeze, which was blowing through the valley with power and force, as though a Greek god was regular us. The breeze was blowing my hair over my eyes and to the side of my face. Like shotgun shoot earth endeavors to enter my eye balls however I consequently shut them guaranteeing the wellbeing of my students. We will compose a custom exposition test on My preferred spot to go as a kid explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on My preferred spot to go as a kid explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on My preferred spot to go as a kid explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer I should concede that the breeze was keeping the valley alive and fretful and made me go to the slope over and over. At the point when the breeze was blowing like this I began to understand that nothing is left consistent or the manner in which it was before hand. I comprehended that I can watch the standard be reworked and witness the resurrection of something that used to be old. Nothing is connected in the valley, everything is similarly as unattached as tramps who meander the wide open freed in their opportunity.

Peculiar Institution

lervns CH APT ER 8 The † Peculiar Institution', : Slaves Tell Their Own Story ii THE PROBLEM With the foundation of its nelw government in 1789, ihe United States turned into a r. irtual rnagaet for foieign traveiers, maybe never more so than during the three Cecades quickly going before our Civil lVar. N{iddle to up_ per class, interesied in everything from governmental issues to jail change to natural examples to the situation of ladies in American culture, these cu_ rious voyagers fanrred out over the United States, and practically completely expounded on their observ-ations in ieLters, leaflets, anci books widej-v read orr the two sides of rhe ocean.Regardlcss of their extraordinary advantages, ho*. ever, ferv explorers f. itled to see an. d remark on-the â€Å"peciiliar instrtution', of' - frican Anre, rican slal,e,- v. As rl'ere narl-v nineteenth-cenlurr. 'onterr journalists, English creator Har_ i*t inter_ riet Martineau was especiaily tc abuse female siaves explicitly, a training that frequently delivered mulatto youngsters naturally introduced to subjugation. The youthful Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville came to consider the Ameri_ can prison framework and remained to examine legislative issues and society.In his book Democracy in America (1g42), Tocqueville communicated his conviction that American slaves had completelr. lost their . drican cuiture-their custorns. lariguages, religions, ancl even ihe recollections of their nations. An Eng_ ]ish writer rvho 4/as enor. moLr_. lv poprrlar in the ! p;1†³6 Srrtr. - .. : t-,. ested in those parts of American so_ ciety that influenced ladies and chil_ dren. She was dismayed by the slave framework, accepting ii deg::adcd mar_ riage by aliowing southern white rnen [1791 †,ll {. (:ul,lAIt 3ftr1'loN†: .rrls 1'lll,l, ,tElR O'N .+,r()ltY corroded Charles Dickens, additionally visited in 1842. He invested almost no energy in the South yet gathered (and distributed) advertisemenis lor runaway s laves that contained horrifying portrayals of their copies, brandings, scars, and iron culfs and collars. As Dickens left for a steamer outing to bhe West. he composed that he left â€Å"with a glateful heart that I was not destined to live where subjection was, and had never had my s ‘nses blunted to its wrongs and revulsions in a slave-shook support. † I mer kept in touch with her sister that â€Å"they are appalling, yet show up generally lively and very much took care of. 2 Her ensuing outings to the plar. lations of the th' gir m( stz boondocks, in any case, expanded her sympalhy for slaves and her doubt of white southerners' declarations that â€Å"slaves are the most joyful individuals on the planet. â€Å"l actually, before the end o. her remain, Bremer was applauding ihe slaves' profound quality, persistence, la,cnts, and religior,s rehearses. to tht m( sla alc ev( gio m3 1850s, Fredrika Bremer, a Swedish writer, voyaged throughoul the United States for two vears and invested extensive energy in Soulh Carolina, Georgia, and Louisiana.After her first experiences with African Americans in Charieston, Bre-In the tempestuous These traveiers-and numerous moreadded their sentiments to the developing litei†ature about the idea of American subjugation and its belongings. Be that as it may, the over-sla dab pr( whelming greater part of this writing was composed by white individuals. What did the slaves themselves think? How could they express their emotions about the impossible to miss institulion of servitude? mi iio; sla (aI' SIn sla inc I it BACKGROUND JI ‘F the wh 3i cilLBy the hour of the American Revolution, rvhat haci begrrn in 1619 as a stunt le of Africans proposed to enhance the ranch work of inderrtured hirelings from Engiano had sweiled to a slave populace of approrimateiy 500,000 individuals, the larger part focused on tobacco, rice. what's more, cotton piantations in the South. Besides, as the African American populace greu', rvhat apparen'uly had been a decently ioose and unregimented work s-r. stem step by step evoived into an inexorably' brutal, rigrd. furthermore, complete Charies Dickens. Anteri-can Notes dry Picrr;res ircn 1lol-y rLcnCon: Oxlold Unrversit. v Press. 1957), p. 3?. arrangement of asset subjugation that attempted to control neariy each part of the slaves' iives. By 1775, African Ameiican subjugation had gotten a critical (some wouki have said imperative) some portion of southern iife. The American Revoiution did nct invert those patterns. Albeit northern states in which African American subjection was nol so profoundly rocted started establishing graduai liberation, after the Revolution, the slave systemas well as its brutality expanded in the pio the Vir wh sec sor_ tha mo his no1 ag( 2. Fredrika Brenrer, ,|'nttri,ctt ol' the Fi. fties: I. Letters of Fredriha Brenier. disc. Adolph B.Benson (Nerv York: â€Å"{melic:rrr ,Scandinavian Foundation, I92-1r. p. 96. : I e 3 on the sa me page , p. 1r. t0 f1801 ITAOKGROUND the South. The development ofthe cotton gin, which empowered seeds to be expelled from the effectively developed short stapie cotton, allowed southerners to cultivat,e collon on the uplands, scale, and sell-protection other. . . . in the t the Lay, moOUS iftcan ,'er-tire did drd t,he in this way prodding the westbound development of the piantation framework anci subjugation. Therefore, slaverv extended along , with settlement into almost bverv zone of the South: the . Bay locale, Tennessee, Kentucky, and uitimately Texas.Simulianeously, the slave populace blossomed, generally multiplying at regular intervals (from around 700,000 of every 1790 to 1. 5 million of every 1820 to more'than 3. 2 mitiion in 1850). Since importation of slaves from Africa was restricted in 1808 (in spite of the fact that there was some iilegal slave smuggiing), most further gains in the By this time, ho*'ever, Jelferson was almost alone among rvhite southerners. Most did n't scrutinize the affirmation that siaver-I 'as a need, that it was gooti for both the slave and the owrlrr, and that it nrusr be safeguarded at nny cost. Ir of[en has been pointed oul that lhe lion's share of rvhite southerners didn't claim slaves.In truth, the extent of white southern families who owned slaves was actualiy declining in the nineteenth century, from one-lnt 1e) decay :han an ef-southern pcpulation, and ihose siaveholders with iarge ranches and But as the sla. re popuiation developed, the feelings of dread and tensions of southern many slaves were an exceedingiy little gathering. whites developed correspondingly. Il 1793, How, at that point, did the pecuiiar institua slave resistance in the Caribbean tion oi bondage, as one southerner caused gigantic frustration in the white South. Rurrrors of uprisings called it. become so embeddeci in the piotted by slaves were various. _nd Old South? Firsr. despite the fact that lone a the genuine rebeilion of Nat Turner in minor ity of southern whir†es possessed Virginia in 1831 (in which fifty-five slaves, about every single southern white whites ‘were slaughtered, a significant number of them were somehorv moved by the instit'. rtion of subjection. Dread of dark r_iprisings r,r'hile asieep) just expanded white inpiorrrp'r†ed numerous nonsiaveholders to protections and fear. Accordingly, bolster an inexorably rigrd slave southern states passed an arrangement oflaws that made the arrangement of siavery even framework that included night watches, more restrictive.Toward the finish of rvritten goes for slaves arvay fi-om his life, Thomas Jefferson (r. i'ho did ranches. supen'ised strict servnot live to see Nat Turner's uprising) frosts for slales, larr,s forbidding instructing captives to peruse or rvrite. what's more, other anguished: measLlres to keep slar'es oblivious, cieP†itdeltt. ttrd a]r',ar': undt' thr ,,J. pi 1,1†³ But as it rs. r, e lrrve :hc rvolf bv rho rr lrit,'s. 1lr ny non:lavehuicl,. r. †;t. ðÿ˜ ® ears, and we can neither hold him, nor rt'ere ah'5id ttat liberation rvoulci safel-v let hirr go. iustice is in one hling rherrr :nto dilect nc,,n,,n. ,. (. (,nrincrease. slave populace were frorn regular â€Å"^rird in 1830 to about one-fourth b-v 1860. Also, about three-fourths of these slaveholders claimed less than ten slaves. Slaveholders, at that point, lvere an unmistakable minorrty of the white f1811 t ,EuLlAll ;fTloN†: TEI,I, ‘S ,IR OWN fr)til' can Americans somewhat laid on the constraint of rights and opportunities for nally, albeit huge grower repre-southern whites also. l sented oniy a lraction of the white But how did the sla{‘es reacL to populace, they virtuaily controlled irn monetary and social framework that the econopnic. ocial, and political in-meanL that neither they nor their chilstilutionsftnd were not going to harm dren could ever encounter opportunity? either thcmselves or their status bv Most while southerners expected that wiping out. the slave. syslem that es-slaves were upbeat and substance. Northsentiallv supporred thern. , ern abolitionists (a minority of the po shield their curious institurion, ivhite populace) accepted that slaves rvhite southerners built a re-constantly longed for I :edom. Both markabiy compleie and ciiverse sel of gatherings utilized expanses of ink to legitimize arguments.Siavery, they kept up, and bolster their cases. Be that as it may, proof was actuaily an unquestionably increasingly altruistic svs-of hor+' the slaves felt and thc'ught is tem than northern capitaiism. After woefuliy meager. Given the restrictiie afflict, slaves s/ere took care of, dressed, shelrered, nature of the slave syltem (which incared for *'hen they rvere sick, and sup-cluded authorized ignorance among ported in their mature age, rvhereas north-slaves), this sad absence of proof is ern assembly line laborers were paid sadly hardiy astounding. lorv rvages, utilized, dnd the n disposed of IIow, at that point, cail we learn horv slaves when no longer usefui. I'ur'+. ernrore, feit, and ihought about the pecuiiar inmany . ,r'hite southei'ners looked after stitution? Slave uprisings were not many, that subjugation was a positive decent be-however does that mean most slaves were cause ir had presented the â€Å"barba-content with their part? Wanderers were rous† Africans to cultivated Americah. normal, and a few, for example, Frederick ways and, rnore importantiy,

Bookkeeper Resume Examples, Template Complete Guide

Bookkeeper Resume Examples, Template Complete Guide Nowadays there are more and more companies and businesses being opened. Some remain small, others grow.Be the case what it may, it is necessary for all those companies to have bookkeepers and accountants to keep the finances in order.A bookkeeper’s job is to record a company’s financial transactions on a daily basis. They follow the income and expenditure continually. And they ensure that the budget is not breached.This means that, if you haven’t decided to start your own business, you may think about a career in bookkeeping.Even if you do not have a college degree, you can become a bookkeeper with your high school diploma and some certified courses that will bring you the knowledge and basic skills you need for this job.Whether you live in a small town or a big city, there will probably be opportunities for getting this job.This is because many people run their own private businesses and the need for bookkeepers is constant.If you choose to try your luck in getting a job as a bookkeeper, whether you have much, some, or no experience at all in the field, one of the first steps is to write a good CV that will catch your potential employer’s attention and entice them to consider you for the job.Feel free to try our resume builder if you want to make writing your CV easier and faster.In continuation, you will read two examples of bookkeeper resumes and later, you will have the chance to get advice on how to write each section successfully.Resume Example for a Full Charge Bookkeeper at The Salvation Army Right Bookkeeper Resume Sample at AppleOne Right Create your own resumeAfter taking a look at these example resumes, you can see that this is not such a difficult thing.You should just think about your biggest strengths related to the field of bookkeeping and emphasize them.If you choose to use our resume builder, you will not have to think about the form itself and you will be able to focus only on the contents.Now, let us dive into each section separately and see what is the best way to write them so that they hold the hiring manager’s attention and land you an interview.WHAT TO INCLUDE IN THE PERSONAL INFO SECTION?Useful tip: Put yourself in the hiring manager’s shoes and write information that is relevant for this person to read in a resume intended for a certain job position.If you have the above tip in mind, it should not be difficult to discern which piece of information should be included and which should be omitted.Bear in mind that you want to present yourself as a professional, serious bookkeeping candidate.This is a job that requires a great deal of responsibility, as doing this job consists of taking care of the finances of a company.Therefore, you should pay attention not to show your informal personality, but your professional side. So, let us take a look at what details are needed in this section:Full nameObviously, your name is a must. However, there is no place here for pseudonyms, aliases, nicknames and any informal ways that your friends may address you.Matilda Simms RightMattie Simms WrongProfessionWhen writing a profession, remember to keep it relevant and to the point. Make sure it is in line with the job that you are applying for. You may write the title you got after your graduation, or the title from your previous job if it is suitable.PhotoA photo is optional, though, in the US and UK, it is not a practice to include it.Contact informationWhen it comes to contact information, they should include your address, phone number, and e-mail address.Much like the advice on writing yo ur name, it is important that the e-mail address contains your name and surname instead of any funny nicknames or informal words. Remember, keep it serious and professional.eric.sturgeon@hotmail.com Righteri_soccerfan@hotmail.com WrongSocial mediaSince nowadays a great majority of people use social media, it is acceptable to include it in your resume. Some employers may even try to find you on their own.However, you should not include websites like Facebook, Instagram, or Twitter.For bookkeeping, it is enough to write the link to your LinkedIn profile, as this site is designed for business professionals and job seekers.If you do not have a LinkedIn account, we strongly recommend creating it, as it may help you get great opportunities, and it will also show your potential employer that you are computer literate and that you follow the latest trends.LEARN THE BEST WAY TO COMPOSE A GREAT SUMMARYThe summary is the part of your resume that the hiring manager reads first. It consists of 3-5 sentences about you, your most prominent skills and your most relevant experience, all in line with the job you are applying for.Useful tip: Make everything in your resume relevant for the job and connected with the job requirements.The resume should be unique for each job as it should stress your qualities and qualifications that suit the specific position of your desired job.You should write the rest of your resume first. Once you are satisfied with it, revise it and move on to the summary.Choose the best accomplishments that you have mentioned in the resume and repeat them, in a short form, in order to summarize your qualifications as a job candidate.Start your summary with your profession, i.e. title, certification, and years of experience. The next couple of sentences should emphasize your highest achievements in this field.Do not forget to match it to the most important requirements of the job description. Include both skills and accomplishments. It is good to also mentio n the name of the target company and how you hope to contribute if you get hired.SummaryCertified bookkeeper with 5 years of work experience in the field. Excellent at mathematical skills and tax calculations. Lowered the monthly expenditures by 15% as a full charge bookkeeper at MacQueen Equipment. Hoping to contribute to enlarging by yearly profit at Coraveo with the skills and proficient knowledge of bookkeeping and accounting. RightSummaryBookkeeper with 5 years of experience. Experienced in the field of accounting with a good eye for detail. Wants to use the skills at Coraveo. WrongHOW TO WRITE A PERFECT EXPERIENCE SECTION?Experience is usually the most important section of a resume for a hiring manager.That is why the experience section comes before education. Hence, it is imperative for the candidate to pay much attention to how they will write it and what they will include.However, if you do not have any experience, do not be desperate and do not give up on trying to get t he job! In this case, write as many accomplishments as possible in the education section (you will see the explanation under the appropriate subheading below) and put the experience section after the education. That will do the trick. Pro TipUseful tip:If you have attended any internship related to your desired job, you may add it to the experience section.First, let us discuss what jobs are acceptable for this section. You should include only the jobs that will tell something about why you should be accepted to work at your desired job.For example, as a candidate for a bookkeeping position, your part-time job as a fitness instructor will not be of any interest to the hiring manager, and so there is no need to write it down. Remember, keep your resume relevant! Pro TipUseful tip:Always start with the latest experience/education/achievement when listing them. Right WrongWhen you list your jobs, start with the latest one and go back in time.The pieces of information that you need to include for every job are the time period, the company, your position there, and your major accomplishments that are in line with the requirements for the bookkeeping job you are applying for.Use numbers are much as you can since they show quantity and can put you in front of the candidate group.LEARN HOW TO WRITE THE EDUCATION SECTION PROPERLYIf you have experience in the field of bookkeeping, this section will be less relevant for the hiring manager.On the other hand, if you do not have much (or any) experience, this will be a very important section of your resume.Here you will include not only the high school or college/university diploma but any other bookkeeping certification you have obtained.The basic pieces of information you need to provide for every item in this section are:The name and location of the institution,The time period the education lasted for, The degree/certification you obtained.These details are probably not what will catch the hiring manager’s attention. What you actually want them to see are your accomplishments during the time of the study. You may list them as bullet points of a list.They may include your GPA (if it is not too low), membership of clubs that can be related to bookkeeping/accounting/mathematics-statistics, any volunteering you have done during your schooling (again, if it is related to the field), mathematical or similar competitions, published papers or projects, etc.Useful tip: Quantify whenever you can! Numbers are easily remembered and compared, so in this way, your resume can stick out from a bunch of others. Right WrongWHAT ARE THE MOST USEFUL JOB-RELATED SKILLS FOR A BOOKKEEPER?This is an important section as you are required to present the skills that you have and that make you a desirable candidate for the job of a bookkeeper.These skills need to be in line with the job, so they should be connected with mathematics, accounting or bookkeeping, and these are the hard skills you need to have.On the other hand, soft skills are also very important as they show how good you are at working with colleagues, communicating with clients, and managing your time and work. You should not forget to mention some of those as well.Useful tip: Look at the job description and use the keywords you find there. If several things match, it will be a subconscious message to the hiring manager that you are a great fit for the job. However, be careful not to simply copy the skills mentioned in the job advert as this may seem dishonest and untrue. Scatter the information (including the keywords) all over your resume .Here is a shortlist of the skills that may be useful for a bookkeeping candidate to possess.As they are quite general, we advise you to make them more precise and link them to the job requirements in more detail.Bookkeeping knowledge. It is obvious why this is important if you apply for a bookkeeping position. You should at least be aware of some basic principles which you can use at the job. You can get this knowledge during formal schooling or by taking specific bookkeeping courses.Data entry skills/computer skills. As this job requires constant use of a computer, these skills are essential for performing well. If you are confident that you have those skills, do not omit to add them to your resume.Attention to details. As being a bookkeeper requires working with numbers, mistakes are made easily. But being attentive to details is a great advantage as it shows that you can work accurately and precisely and that you can spot mistakes and potential problems.Communication skills. As a bookkeeper, you will have to communicate with your clients on a daily basis. As people have various characters and temperaments, and they will give you their earnings to deal with, it is imperative that you show patience and gain their trust. Communication is the basis for a successful collaboration.Knowledge of foreign language(s). If you live in a multicultural environment, speaking one or more foreign languages will help you get more satisfied clients and establish excellent communication with them.CONCLUSIONAfter reading this text, we hope that you will now think that it is very hard to write a good bookkeeper resume.You could see some examples that will guide you, and get useful pieces of advice to lead you down the right path.We have also constructed a resume builder which will take your mind off the form and let you think solely about the content of your resume.Follow our tips and the hiring manager will surely choose to call you up for an interview!In the end, remember to make your resume relevant for the specific position that you are applying for.List your skills and qualifications that are directly connected with bookkeeping, accounting, or mathematics, as these carry the heavies weight and will show you as a suitable candidate for the job.And connect your resume to the job description by scattering the job requirement keywords throughout your resume.We wish you the best of luck with landing the job of your dreams! Create your own resume

The 6 Forgotten Italian Subject Pronouns

Often, one of the first Italian language lessons beginners study is Italian subject pronouns (pronomi personali soggetto). Too often, however, theres a whole subset of Italian subject pronouns that is given scant attention, including egli, ella, esso, essa, essi, and esse. Legacy Italian Subject Pronouns Call them legacy subject pronouns or classic subject pronouns, these subject pronouns are still (infrequently) used in Italian. They typically appear only as regionalisms, in formal speech, or in literature. There are three pairs of Italian subject pronouns for the third person singular: egli/ella, lui/lei, esso/essa. The third person plural includes the pair essi/esse and the form loro, which is the same for both masculine and feminine. Egli, Lui, Esso Egli and lui are used with reference to people. Lui, especially in spoken language, can also refer to animals and things. Esso is used for animals and things. Ho parlato con il direttore e egli [but commonly lui] mi ha assicurato il suo interessamento. I spoke with the director and he assured me of his interest. Cercai di trattenere il cavallo ma esso [also lui] proseguà ¬ la corsa. I tried to hold back the horse but he continued on the course. Un importante compito vi à ¨ stato affidato; esso dovrà   essere eseguito nel miglior modo possibile. An important task was entrusted to you; it must be performed in the best way possible. Ella, Lei, Essa The form ella has already fallen into disuse, especially in spoken language, and is considered literary and formal. Analogous to lui, the form lei also refers to animals and things, especially in spoken language. The form essa (unlike its masculine counterpart) also refers to a person, but it is less commonly used and has a literary or regional character. Avverti tua sorella, forse essa [but commonly lei] non lo sa ancora. Warn your sister, maybe she still doesnt know. Ho cercato di prendere la gattina, ma essa [also lei] à ¨ scappata. I tried to hold the kitten, but she ran away. Essi, Esse The plural forms essi and esse serve to indicate people, animals, and things. Loro is used with reference to people and, especially in spoken Italian, also to refer to animals. Li ho guardati in viso, essi [or loro] abbassarono gli occhi. I looked at them in the face, but they lowered their eyes. Allingresso della villa cerano due cani; essi [or loro] stavano per mordermi. At the entrance to the villa, there were two dogs; they were waiting to bite me. Il Parlamento ha emanato nuove leggi; esse prevedono la modifica dellordinamento giudiziario. Parliament issued new laws; they anticipate the modification of the legal rule. Wherefore Art Thou, Italian Subject Pronouns? The forgotten Italian subject pronouns egli, ella, esso, essa, essi, and esse, similar to the remote past tense (passato remoto), can sometimes seem obsolete, especially since they are often ignored in modern textbooks. A former grammatical rule held that egli was a subject pronoun and lui an object pronoun. But although lui, lei, and loro tend to predominate in colloquial conversation, egli, as well as the other subject pronouns in question, can still be found in literary texts. Similar to the remote past tense, the subject pronouns egli, ella, esso, essa, essi, and esse are still a feature of southern Italian dialects. En Italiano SINGOLARE1a persona: io2a persona: tu3a persona maschile: egli, lui, esso3a persona femminile: ella, lei, essa PLURALE1a persona: noi2a persona: voi3a persona maschile: loro, essi3a persona femminile: loro, esse

Is Deviance And The Deviant Label That Is Put Upon Female...

Topic- The topic that I have chosen for my research paper is deviance. More specifically the deviant label that is put upon female athletes. Given that they are scrutinized for becoming their own people and dismissing the traditional ways a female should behave, I would like to look at not only how these athletes are treated, but how they respond to it. Also focusing on if this process has changed over time. Thesis- Throughout the course of history, the consensus regarding traditional gender norms has changed immensely. Just the thought of going against these morals was unthinkable and shamed. However, as times have come to change, the challenging of these norms has become more accepted along with the notion that there are no†¦show more content†¦I cannot exactly say what because I did not live there, but there is always that thought. It always varies place to place, we are always seeing change, through technology and diversity for example, they influence how we define deviance. So yes and always. Q2. If so, will these previously thought of deviant behaviors always have that label, even if it is more accepted in today s society? Will they forever be known as deviant? A2. No, that s not always the case. Certain labels can change. Even so far we ve seen cases where one was deviant and we see radical change over time, there is nothing in a way that keeps it deviant. However some things are harder to change over time. Q3. Why, in today’s age does more media coverage play a role? (it being easier to access, faster to publish news, more platforms†¦etc) A3. Cleary media plays some role and accessing information plays a role. Social reactions always plays a role, historically information would get passed and people would get stigmatized and labeled, now there is so much information that some can be cancelled out. For instance, how we hear about all of this crazy stuff on how Russia closed fake information supporting Trump. They would tweet and it would become fake news. People would then retweet what was said and it would be retweeted a million times to the point where it was all out for everyone to see and discuss. Sorry I am getting off ofShow MoreRelatedIt Is No Secret That The Socially Constructed Concept Of1534 Words   |  7 Pagesconstructed concept of deviance is a label that is able to form a certain stigma to those who the label has been applied. Deviance is simply a violation of any societal norm. Any behavior that is deemed odd or irregular by the majority may be considered deviant. These behaviors and actions may produc e different reactions from outsiders, or possibly none at all, depending on the audience or norm that had been broken. Anyone who decides to go against these norms will not only receive such a label, but will mostRead MoreMale Eating Disorders2574 Words   |  11 Pages06/25/2000, Vol. 149, Issue 51430, Section 16, p8. Hausenblas, H.A., Carron, A.V. (1999). Eating Disorder Indices and Athletes: An Integration. Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology. 21, 230-258. McLorg, P.A. Taub, D.E. (1992) Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia: The Development of Deviant Identities. In D.H. Kelly (Ed.), Deviant Behavior: A Text-Reader in the Sociology of Deviance. (pp. 203-214). New York: Worth Publishers. Phillpot, D., Sheppard, G. (1998). More Than Mere Vanity. GuidanceRead More Male Eating Disorders Essay2485 Words   |  10 PagesEating Disorders in Males Eating disorders have traditionally been a â€Å"woman’s problem.† It has not been until recently that we have recognized the fact that males are suffering from these deadly disorders as well. It has been generally agreed upon that anywhere from five to 15 percent of all reported cases of eating disorders are attributed to men. This paper will examine its incidence in males and the physical and psychological aspects associated with having an eating disorder. First letsRead More The Sociological Aspect of Obesity Essay7419 Words   |  30 Pagesexamining the socio-cultural, gender, and psycho-social effects and includes the different perceptions of the epidemic as well as what is deemed acceptable in the society we live in. In the American culture, obesity is seen as a bodily abnormality and deviance that should be corrected. Obesity has indeed become one of the most stigmatizing bodily characteristics in our culture (Brink, 1994). In the Western culture, thinness does not just mean the size of the body, but it is associated with such qualitiesRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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Most of us are exposed to more information each day than we can possibly pay attention to. More than 6,000 business books are published each month. Moreover, no mechanism exists to organize, prioritize, or interpret that informationRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesorganization poses. In this spirit we examine the challenges of: †¢ Modernist theories of organization that form the controversial and challenging foundations of organization theory. †¢ The development of neo-modernist theories of organization that claim to ‘put people first’ and t hen the ways that these theories have been transformed into . xiv Preface ‘new wave’ approaches in which there is an emphasis on the control of organization members. †¢ We then explore the ways in which postmodern philosophiesRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesMarketing Management Dedication This book is dedicated to the authors’ wives – Gillian and Rosie – and to Ben Gilligan for their support while it was being written. Acknowledgements Our thanks go to Janice Nunn for all the effort that she put in to the preparation of the manuscript. Strategic Marketing Management Planning, implementation and control Third edition Richard M.S. Wilson Emeritus Professor of Business Administration The Business School Loughborough University and

Essay On Teenagers Are Overworked - 934 Words

Teenagers are Overworked Luna Silva, 9/21/17 Role: Essayist Audience: Sophomore class Form Mode: Blog post / Argument Topic: Teenagers are overworked Begin draft here... Are teenagres overworked? Subjectively, I say that at time teenagres can be overworked. I see it from my point of view as a teenagre that adults think us as teenagres shouldn’t have problems or be stressed because we are kids not even adult that we only go to school, come home, sleep and repeat. I say yes us teenagres can be overworked. Even though we all as teenagres don’t go to work or pay bills everyday we still have stress in our lives. We worry about if we are gonna disappoint our parents, or if we will get into college, what we want to studies. Yes,†¦show more content†¦We have the pressure to get excellent notes for us to at least be good at something. They say that even though we are kids we should be grateful we are â€Å"just children† we are so much more than that. We are the next generations of your world. We are gonna be the one s having jobs that you will visit us for, we will be the one s changing the world. So, yes we do get overworked we can get tired of long study these like, you with work we can suffer from stress sometimes we get carried away by the stereotypes in our lives and a kilo more of those things which can cause a great number of things like maybe depression or anxiety and lots more from being overworked. It causes us to feel these things even as teenagers we are just as much as the adult to but sometimes don’t understand that yet they decide our future and they judge us we are all human beings we all feel and even whether your child, teenager and adult regardless of the age we are all prone to everything to anyone and anything doesn t matter if you re 30 or 40 years of age that does not mean you can get through it and not us as teenagres. Statistic even show that one Most high school students consider cheating OK:According to a CNN poll of 4,500 high schoolers, around 75% engage in â€Å"serious cheating,† over half plagiarize directly from the Internet, and about 50% believe that copying answers doesn’t even count as cheating.Show MoreRelatedAmerica s Exhausted Superkids By Frank Bruni858 Words   |  4 PagesToday’s Exhausted Superkids is Frank Bruni’s response to the book â€Å"Overloaded and Unprepared.† His response portrays many people of the younger generation whom do not get enough sleep. In his response Bruni states, â€Å"But many teenagers today are so hyped and stressed out that they are getting only a fraction of the rest they need.† Bruni suggests smartphones and tablets are part of the cause of keeping kids and teens up in the middle of the night. However, he also mentions these are not the only factorsRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On The World1718 Words   |   7 Pagesnot† (G.E. Miller). In Japan overwork is known as â€Å"Karoshi† meaning death by suicide caused from stress. A law is currently being introduced in Japan enforcing workers to take their holidays off. Japanese people are among the most stressed and overworked people in Asia (Lines, Mirror). The economy is so tight there, the men normally work long hours and hardly ever get any vacation time, even to sit and relax with their families. In Japan and the United States, work and education are the among topRead MoreThe Journey Of John Branson Reeve Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesBranson Reeve is now experiencing his prime years as a teenager. Throughout the next few years, he undergoes various situations and hardships, which all correlate to the twelve concepts of wellness learned during lecture. Soon after he turned 14, he tried out for multiple sports teams at school. Unfortunately, he did not make any of the times. I used this as an opportunity to help Branson Reeve set alternative goals as well as discover his strengths. He found that he enjoyed the field of creativeRead MoreMajor Social Determinants Of Health1673 Words   |  7 Pages Family Hardship This essay will use the Johnson family. The Johnson household includes a 35 year old single mother of a 15 year old son. Mother, Yvonne, completed a bachelor degree in the marketing field. Yvonne after graduation was unable to find a marketing job locally instead she works full-time as an administrative assistant for a larger company. Yvonne is currently unsatisfied with her position as she feels overworked, over qualified, and underappreciated at her currentRead MoreEssay Nuclear Proliferation2813 Words   |  12 Pagesday on a cold, bleak Russian night a world disaster was almost destined to happen. Alexander Kuzminykh, a 19-year old teenager, was aboard the submarine the Vepr when he attacked the sentry and killed him with a chisel. Panicking he grabbed the guardamp;#8217;s AK-47 and killed seven more crew members on the way to the torpedo bay where he locked himself in. This suicidal teenager the stayed in the bay for twenty hours threatening to blow it up and potentially causing a amp;#8220;Floating Chernobyl;(Paddock-thestarRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 PagesGRIFFIN NEW YORK 65 SUCCESSFUL HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL APPLICATION ESSAYS, SECOND EDITION. Copyright  © 2009 byThe Harbus News Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. For-information, address St. Martins Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010. www.stmartins.com Library of Congress Cataloging...in..Publication Data 65 successful Harvard Business -School application essays : with analysis by the staff of The Harbus, the Harvard Business School newspaperRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesPatterns of Industrial Bureaucracy (New York: Free Press, 1954). 4. See, for instance, James D. Thompson, Organizations in Action: Social Science Bases of Administrative Theory (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967). 5. Warren G. Bennis, Changing Organizations: Essays on the Development of Human Organization (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966); Rensis Likert, The Human Organization: Its Management and Value (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967). 6. Henry Mintzberg, The Structuring of Organizations: A Synthesis of the ResearchRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesreturned, more training is required for the entire family. All family members must reacclimate to life in the United States. The family faces changes with their extended family, friends, and even local events that have occurred in their absence. Teenagers find reentry particularly difficult, as they may be more sophisticated and mature than their local and less traveled friends. The employee also must adjust to organizational changes, including the inevitable promotions, transfers, and resignationsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesof smoking but rationalize that people are going to smoke and that tobacco companies merely promote freedom of choice. They can accept the evidence and make cigarettes less dangerous or reduce their availability to more vulnerable groups, such as teenagers. Or they can quit their job because the dissonance is too great. No individual, of course, can completely avoid dissonance. You know cheating on your income tax is wrong, but you fudge the numbers a bit every year and hope you’re not audited. OrRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagessolvers and decision makers who prefer to deal with technical tasks and straightforward, prescribed problems rather than social or interpersonal issues. They excel at problems that have one correct answer. Multiple-choice exams are preferred over essay exams. Research has suggested that these individuals are inclined toward careers in technology, engineering, and law. In college, students with a knowing style tend to major in the physical sciences, engineering, law, and computers. In business, they

The Michelle I Know free essay sample

In the short story The Michelle I Know, Michelle is a negative character. Her negativity is evident throughout many events in the short story but one example is when Brenda (a nurse) tells her to cheer up because her blood tests are looking good. Michelle’s answer to this positive information is her sour response, â€Å"I get to go home and wait six months before I have enough hair to do anything with. † Michelle has leukemia and has been hospitalized for eight weeks. During this time her spirit is depressed and she can only think of the negative in her life rather than on the positives (she gets to go home and blood work is looking good). One day, Michelle visits Claude (another cancer patient who has been in and out of the hospital for eight years battling cancer) and asks him if he ever feels like dying rather than getting poked by another needle. We will write a custom essay sample on The Michelle I Know or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Again,Michelle shares her negativity and lack of hope. When Michelle’s best friend Rob visits her at the hospital she starts to feel happy but when he leaves she is stuck with a needle in her arm and lying in a bed miserable and feeling sorry for herself again. She thinks about dying so she won’t have to be poked with another needle instead of being thankful that she is receiving medicine that could save her life. When Michelle is placed in these difficult life situations she continually focuses on the worst, adds negative comments in conversations and feels sorry for herself. If Michelle continues to focus on the negative, she may make it difficult for others around her to be supportive and she may have a more difficult time fighting leukemia.

Thomas Edison Essay Paper Example For Students

Thomas Edison Essay Paper By: Jeff E-mail: emailprotected Thomas Alva Edison Thomas Alva Edison was one of the greatest inventors. He was a smart man. Thomas invented many things such as the light bulb and phonograph. Without the light bulb we would still be using candles and lanterns like they did many years ago. Although Thomas was deaf he worked hard and never gave up. Thomas Alva Edison was born on February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio. He had many family members. He had a father named Samuel Odgen Edison and a mother named Nancy Elliott Edison. Thomas mother pulled him from school because Thomas teacher called him a retard. Nancy Edison taught her son at home. Thomas has six siblings and he was the youngest child in the Edison family. We will write a custom essay on Thomas Edison Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Thomas was interested in many things as a child. At age twelve Thomas got a job at the Grand Trunk Railroad. While working at Grand Trunk Railroad Thomas was a typesetter, press operator, editor, and publisher of his very own newspaper called the Herald. Thomas got his news for his newspaper from telegraphers at other train stations. Thomas liked many things, but mathematics was not one of them. He enjoyed reading books about science and philosophy. His favorite book ever was Isaac Newtowns Principia Mathematica. Thomas was interested in inventing the light bulb. Thomas was a scientist as a kid. He like to test many things. When he was young he built a laboratory in the familys basement. Thomas did experiments he found in science books and got jars and chemicals for experiments from local shopkeepers. Thomas also used a spare train car for another laboratory. Thomas studied books on mechanics, manufacturing, and chemistry at the public library. He spent a long time studying Newtowns Principles. He also read lots of books such as Gibbons Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Humes History of England, Sears History of the World, Burtons Anatomy of Melancholy, and The Dictoinaries of Sciences. Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. In October of 1879 Edison patented his incandescent lamp. Edison and his team made a new vacuum pump to make better vacuums in glass light bulbs. It was better known as the glow bulb. Thomas second attempt at the glow bulb successfully lit for forty hours. On New Years Eve Edison lit up Menlo Park with thirty glow bulbs. Electricity would replace gas for lighting purposes. The light bulb gives off light so that we can see with out lanterns and candles. The Edison Lamp Company produced 1,000 light bulbs a day. It has improved since its original version. In 1880, Edison invented the incandescent lamp. In the year 1910, Tungsten filament was discovered giving off white light instead of yellow light. In 1925, lamps were given an inside frosting that had a fine spray of hydrofluoric acid. In the late 19th century, florescent lamps were invented. They are tubes filled with low-pressure neon gas. Thomas Edison invented many things we still used today. I think the light bulb was the greatest invention because it is hard to see with out light bulbs. Without the light bulb we would not be able to have night ball games or light shows. It is a good thing Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. Bibliography 1. Edison, Thomas. Comptons Encylopedia. 1990 ed. vol. 7, p.72-76 2. Ellis, Keith. Thomas Edison, Genius of Electricity. Great Britain: Priory Press Limited, 1974 3. Parker, Steve. Thomas Edison and Electricity. Great Britain: Belitha Press Limited, 1992 Word Count: 541

History and Heritage

History and Heritage The Importance of the Past Human beings inhabit a very unpredictable world. The human environment is a product of the interaction between millions of forces. In order to chart their course through an unpredictable world, human individuals and societies need some sort of guide to determine what possible consequence they take face, upon taking a certain step. The study of the past is therefore important because it is an important factor in determining present and future conduct (Lowenthal, 1998).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on History and Heritage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another aspect of the past is its role in determining the self-image of a human individual or society. Societies cite the real or imagined beliefs and actions of their real or imagined ancestors as evidence that they are a brave, generous and just people, similarly stories about the history of rival societies are told to show them in a bad l ight as compared to one’s own society (Lowenthal, 1998). History is also a tool used to establish the validity of the current beliefs or ideas held by an individual, society or section of a society and the invalidity of the ideas and beliefs held by their ideological enemies (Lowenthal, 1998). The Reason for Disagreement in the Views and Interpretations of the Past Because the past is used as a tool to determine the present and future course of a society, it’s self image and the validity of its beliefs. It becomes a device in the hands of people who wish to chart a particular course for their society, present a particular self-image of the society and establish the validity of certain beliefs (Lowenthal, 1998). An example of this can be seen in the Enola Gay exhibit controversy at the Smithsonian Institution. The historians at the Smithsonian were came up with what they thought was an objective position on the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The exhibit depicted the horrible destruction caused by the bombing however the establishment view that the bombing of two Japanese cities was necessary in order to force the Japanese government to surrender unconditionally, was presented in the exhibit (Bird Sherwin, 1995). Other historians objected to the exhibit on the grounds that it adopted an essentially nationalist position justifying American atrocities, tried to minimize the depiction of horrible destruction and the immense loss of civilian life caused by the bombing and suppressed other facts which would reflect badly on the United States (Bird Sherwin, 1995). However, according to politicians espousing a hyper nationalistic and militaristic agenda, the exhibit was an exercise in anti-Americanism. These politicians were outraged that the museum would exhibit something that would show even the slightest criticism of the United States or the military forces of the United States. Such an exhibit might convince the population to oppose their politi cal agenda (Trescott, 1995).Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The exhibit was also opposed by World War II veterans. They believed firmly that their side in the World War II had been purely good while their enemies were purely evil. They believed that any action undertaken by their side against the enemy was justified. The veterans also belonged to a generation in which it was not considered offensive to assert that the lives of American soldiers were worth more than those of Japanese civilians (Ringle, 1994). Suggestions that the United States may not have been purely a force of good and may have performed actions comparable to the barbarities committed by the German and Japanese enemies caused an explosive emotional reaction in the veterans. In contrast to the veterans and the nationalistic politicians, the historians belonged to an era in which intellectuals adopted distast e for American militarism following defeat in the Vietnam War. They also possessed a wider view of the world and enough knowledge of history to know that patriotism and nationalism are often rhetorical devices used disingenuously by rulers whose actions are often motivated purely by self-interest. Instead of believing, as the politicians and the veterans did, that the United States was a purely benevolent power, they recognized that the United States has often caused immense destruction in other countries (Ringle, 1994). The controversy over the Kennewick Man was another example of an historical issue which caused passionate disagreement between ideologically opposed partisans. To the leader of the Umatillas tribe, the Kennewick Man was evidence that their tribe had always lived in the Washington area and that the scientific belief that they had crossed over to the Americas from Northern Asia was not true (Geranion, 1997). The Difference between ‘Heritage History’ and O bjective Studies of the Past In the past, history was primarily written for the purpose of inducing internal solidarity and enhancing the well being of a particular nation. The writing of histories was part of the nation-building efforts of states. Histories were a selection of facts and myths designed to give a positive image to a particular nation and to vilify its enemies. The history books written in earlier centuries were often commissioned by kings and emperors for the expressed purpose of glorifying their ancestors and providing ideological support for their rule. The purpose of history was to encourage an existing population and to secure its future. History was a socially constructed narrative that Lowenthal terms ‘Heritage History’ (Lowenthal, 1998). Gradually historians have tried to increase the objectivity of history and to distinguish it from ‘heritage history’. History and heritage differ in their purposes. The purpose of history is to explor e and explain the past, recognizing its complexities and unknown aspects (Lowenthal, 1998).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on History and Heritage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The purpose of heritage on the other hand, is to simplify the past and to come up with an interpretation of the past that may be useful in the achievement of present purposes. According to Lowenthal, the public is only interested in heritage, if narrative espoused by ‘heritage history’ departs from the facts known through objective history; it only bothers some intellectuals (Lowenthal, 1998). History and heritage also differ in the methodology employed to come up with a narrative. History depends on the use of the scientific method and the use of objective criteria to judge historical sources. Objective methodologies employed by historians in order to judge sources may include textual criticism, fingerprint matching, DNA testi ng, and carbon dating etc. Heritage pre-selects those historical sources which can be used to establish a particular narrative, regardless of their authenticity, and dismisses all other sources. Source criticism and other objective methodologies may be employed in the composition of heritage history, but only for the purpose of abandoning inconvenient sources (Lowenthal, 1998). According to Lowenthal, heritage and history are separate but linked phenomenon. Historians attempt to be impartial however it may be impossible for a historical researcher to be utterly unbiased. Therefore, it is possible that historians may come up with a narrative that includes elements of heritage, despite having an intention to come up with an authentic and impartial history. References Bird, K., Sherwin, M. (1995, July 31). Enola Gay Exhibit: The Historians Letter To The Smithsonian. Retrieved from doug-long.com: doug-long.com/letter.htm Geranion, N. (1997, September 21). The Kennewick Man crisis Arche ologists and Indians clash over a 9,300-year-old skull that could rewrite New World history. The Toronto Star . Lowenthal, D. (1998). The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ringle, K. (1994, September 26). At Ground Zero; 2 Views of History Collide Over Smithsonian A-Bomb Exhibit. The Washington Post , p. a.01. Trescott, J. (1995, May 19). Senator Warns Smithsonian on Controversies. The Washington Post , p. D.06.

'Health Inequalities Persist.' Discuss in relation to health and Essay

'Health Inequalities Persist.' Discuss in relation to health and health care - Essay Example In virtually all societies some people are regarded as more important than the others, more worthy of respect or more useful than others either within the society as a whole or in certain situations. This position relative to that of other people in the Group is called ‘status or class’ and may be based on many factors such as wealth, heredity, possessions, sex education, skin colour, job or age. Thus according to Gerard O’Donnell (1994:370), class is defined as: a broad category of people within a society who have similar social and economic status. Although primarily based on economic factors, such as ownership or occupation, class also encompasses attributes such as lifestyles and attitudes. In this context, status is a person’s social position as defined by others and the person with a high status is regarded as more worthy of respect, accorded more esteem and has more prestige within that social group. Usually people who occupy high class positions are generally richer than those who occupy lower classes and they have more wealth through earnings or investment. In this regard, a wealthy person enjoys access to better life chances such as heath care, education and shelter. Research has shown that the notion of class or status in society has a bearing especially on access to health care facilities. This notion was illustrated by a report, Inequalities in Health, sponsored by the Department of Health and Social Security in 1980, commonly referred to as the Black Report. It found a close link between class and life expectance. The report commented: ‘the class gradient can be observed for most causes of death and the lower the person’s social class, the more likely they are to suffer an illness that they have had for a considerable time.’ The report concluded that the lack of improvement, in some cases deterioration of the health experience of the unskilled and semi skilled manual classes throughout the 1960s was

American Economic Association Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Economic Association - Assignment Example Others are from state, local and federal government. The organization publishes articles on applied economics, macroeconomics, microeconomics and economic policy. The organization normally hold three days annual meeting with other related organization in which they discuss various factors of economics (American Economic Association 1). Under macroeconomics, the organization focuses on studies concerning growth, aggregate fluctuations and functions of policies. According to Baumol & Blinder, the organization also carries out research and interacts with other fields like industrial organization, monetary theory, finance, labor economics, international economics, public finance and development economics (American Economic Association 1). The organization also studies economy-wide phenomena like Gross National Product and effects on national income. It also addresses changes in unemployment, price levels and rate of growth. For example, under macroeconomics, the organization studies the decrease and increase in net exports and its effects on a country’s capital account. The organization provides fundamental tools for various finance professionals and economists (Atif  & Trebbi 14). It also sets the stage for growth, progress and revision of existing

Psychological Effects of Imprisonment on Young Offenders

Psychological Effects of Imprisonment on Young Offenders The aim of this dissertation is to examine the claim of authors such as Harrington and Bailey (2005) that a substantial proportion of young offenders in the UK suffer from severe mental illness. In accepting this claim, the secondary aim of this paper is to glean a greater understanding of why this is the case; do these offenders acquire mental illness as a result of the modern prison regime and regardless, why is the modern youth justice system so ineffective in dealing with this seemingly widespread problem? The researcher of this paper shall argue that the currentyouth justice system needs, if it to achieve one of its primary aims,namely to rehabilitate youth offenders and prevent them from becomingrecidivists, to focus their research and practice more heavily on thepsychological processes which cause a young person to offend, so thatsuch offenders, who are clearly suffering from mental problems, can bemore easily identified and, where possible, positively helped toresolve these issues whilst they are serving their custodial sentencesso that upon release these individuals are more likely to desist fromcriminality. The principle methodology of this paper will be a literature review,a review of both primary and secondary sources from the subject fieldsof forensic psychology, criminology and penology. Introduction: The primary issue which will be raised and explored throughout thisdissertation is the contention that the current youth justice system,and in particular the youth prison system, is failing to adequatelyaddress the psychological needs (or as they are described by manycriminologists: ‘criminogenic needs’) of youth offenders in the UK.Such an argument necessarily involves a simultaneous examination notonly of the statistics which are available regarding the prevalence ofmental illness in youth prisons and the rates of recidivism of thoseyouths who have been previously sentenced to immediate custody, butalso an examination of the latest psychological research in prisons,the current (and, to a lesser extent, historical) policies andpractices pertaining to the ‘treatment’ of those imprisoned offenderswho have been diagnosed with mental illness and also the writings ofexpert researchers in these relevant fields who provide originalinterpretative insights into the problems associated with mentalillness in youth offenders and potential approaches to minimise thisapparent epidemic. The structure of this review shall take the following form: Thisdissertation will commence with a brief overview of past and presentsystems of caring for children serving custodial sentences and howtheir mental health needs were and are now met, including anexamination of the changing definition of ‘needs’ in this context. Theresearcher, using research from government enquires, literature andreports concerned with this issue will then seek to identify thoseyouth justice policies and practices which are apparently ineffectiveand/or inappropriate in reducing this problem and, in conclusion, makerecommendations for future necessary/ effective reforms and also futureresearch which should be conducted to assist in our understanding ofthe psychological causes of crime and to assist in the formulation ofsuch reforms. The researcher of this paper is greatly interested in the subject ofthis paper: After reading in Society Guardian articles about our youngprison population the researcher was surprised to learn that there areover 11,000 young people between 15-20 in jail in England and Waleswith a diagnosable mental disorder, that 10% will suffer a severepsychotic disorder in comparison with 0.2% of the general populationand that the UK has the highest number of prisoners under 21, incomparison with the rest of Europe, 3000 of them being held in youthoffenders institutes. Similar surprise ensued from discover of researchconducted by the UK Office for National Statistics which found thatnine out of ten youth offenders in the UK suffer from a mentaldisorder. The researcher feels strongly that more research needs to beconducted into these issues so that these worrying findings can bediluted; it is primarily for this reason that the researcher has chosento conduct this research on that topic. Intending t o pursue a career inthe youth justice system working with young offenders in the UK, theresearcher also feels strongly that a deeper substantive knowledge inthis area will aid not merely his professional development but also hisability to help reduce the incidence of mental disorder in the UK youthjustice system. The researcher concedes that the objectives of this research didchange direction at various points of the review: Initially, the aimwas to identify the current practical failings of the youth justicesystem and to convincingly demonstrate that these failings directly orindirectly contribute to the problematic prevalence of mental illnessin youth offenders and to likewise suggest practical reforms whichshould be employed to reduce this phenomenon; latterly, the researcherunderstood that rather than suggesting changes in practical reform thathe should attempt to identify the failings in the current research andthe strategies employed by the justice system, and to suggestalternative strategies and ideas for future research which will then inturn result in more effective justice practice. The structure of this paper, as described in paragraph two of thisintroduction, has been carefully constructed to complement itsarguments: the historical analysis of trends in UK penal policy andpractice (pertaining to youth offenders) over the past fifty years,with which this paper will commence, provides ample support for thelater contention that the current approach employed by the youthjustice system in the UK to reduce the incidence of mental illness inits prisons is inadequate and also for those policy reforms which willbe recommended by the researcher in this paper’s conclusions. The Structure of the Literature Review: As noted previously in the introduction, above, the literaturereview of this paper will not confine itself to any one particulardiscipline; after all, the subjects of criminology, forensicpsychology, social work and, to some extent, penology are havededicated varying proportions of their research on the issues withwhich this paper is concerned; namely the prevalence of mental illnessin young offenders in the UK Youth Justice system, in particular thoseoffenders currently serving custodial sentences in young offendersinstitutes, and practical methods for reducing this problematicphenomenon. A clear concern to any researcher conducting amulti-disciplinary literature review of this kind is that the order ofthe analysis is prone to be confusing; a researcher could choose toperform a separate review of the literature from each respectivesubject area or, alternatively, a researcher might choose to make nosuch division but rather separate the review into the relevantquestions and under each separate heading utilize the literature fromany relevant discipline in no particular order. The researcher of thispaper has chosen to adopt the latter of these two approaches; he feelsthat to divide the review analysis according to topic area is whollyartificial, especially in light of the fact that any research orliterature which will be discussed will be wholly relevant to the sameissues pertaining to young offenders. With this methodological approach in mind, the questions which thisliterature review will seek to discuss and, where possible, answer, areas follows: 1] What is defined as ‘mental illness’ and how has this definition changed over the past 60 years? 2] How prevalent is mental illness in young offenders who arecurrently serving custodial sentences in young offenders’ institutes inthe UK? 3] To what extent is this a recent phenomenon? And to what extent isthis a phenomenon which is particular to young offenders serving asentence in a secure institution rather than to those young offenderswho are serving non-custodial sentences or those young persons who havenot been involved in the Youth Justice system at all? 4] Historically, how has the UK Youth Justice System responded tothe problem of mental illness in young offenders who are currentlyserving custodial sentences in young offenders’ institutes? 5] Is there convincing evidence which suggests that there is linkbetween this prevalence of mental illness and the high rates ofrecidivism in young offenders serving custodial sentences? 6] What is the approach which is currently employed by the UK Youth Justice System to tackle this problem? 7] To what extent is the current policy approach of the UK YouthJustice System appropriate in achieving its objectives in this regard? 8] How is this policy approach being implemented by the UK Youth Justice System? 9] Are these practical reforms appropriate in light of the policyapproach adopted to reduce the incidence of mental illness in youthoffenders in the UK? 10] What changes should be made to the current policy and practiceof the UK Youth Justice System to effect a more successful reduction ofthis problem? 11] What further academic research is needed to assist in the formulation of these new policies and practices? 1] What is defined as ‘mental illness’ or ‘mental health’ and how has this definition changed over the past 60 years? Any literature review on the prevalence of ‘mental illness’ in aparticular population, in this case young offenders serving custodialsentences, would be incomplete without a preliminary discussionpertaining to the definition of ‘mental illness’ or ‘mental health’ inthat context. Within the context of young offenders, it is interesting to notethat there is very little consistency in the definition of ‘mentalhealth’: In fact, ‘a review of over 60 national and local education,health and social care documents (policy, strategy and guidance)revealed little consistency within, as well as, across agencies. Therewere 10 different terms or phrases used to label the positive end ofthe mental health continuum and 15 to describe the negative’ [JointCommissioning Strategy for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Servicesin Kent, Draft Report, 15th January 2007, p6]. This having been said, it does not seem that the definition of ‘mentalhealth’ in this context is particularly contentious. The Kent andMedway Multi Agency CAMHS Strategy Group have provided a workingdefinition which incorporates each of the individual definitions foundduring their literature review of relevant policy documents: ‘Mentalhealth can be defined as: The ability to develop psychologically,emotionally, intellectually and spiritually, to initiate, develop andsustain mutually satisfying personal relationships, including theability to become aware of others and to empathise with them, and theability to use psychological distress as a developmental process, sothat it does not hinder or impair further development’ [JointCommissioning Strategy for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Servicesin Kent, Draft Report, 15th January 2007, p6].   However, to find a comprehensive definition of ‘mental illness’ in thiscontext is not so straightforward: It would seem that practitioners inthe field of forensic psychology have divided mental ill-health intothree separate categories separated on the basis of severity ofsymptoms; namely, ‘mental health problems’, ‘mental health disorders’and ‘mental illness’. Mental health problems, the least serious form of mental ill-health,‘may be reflected in difficulties and/or disabilities in the realms ofpersonal relationships, psychological development, the capacity forplay and learning and in distress and maladaptive behaviour. They arerelatively common, and may or may not be persistent’ [JointCommissioning Strategy for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Servicesin Kent, Draft Report, 15th January 2007, p6]. Mental health disorder is the term subscribed to those persons whoare suffering from persistent mental health problems which affect theirfunctioning on a day-to-day basis. Whilst most young people will atsome stage in their development suffer from mental health problems, itis not normal to expect such persons to suffer from mental healthdisorders. As noted by the Kent and Medway Multi Agency CAMHS StrategyGroup, mental health disorder, as a term, ‘[implies] a marked deviationfrom normality, a clinically recognised set of symptoms or behaviourassociated in most cases with considerable distress and substantialinterference with personal functions or development’ [JointCommissioning Strategy for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Servicesin Kent, Draft Report, 15th January 2007, p6]. Finally, mental illness, the most serious of the three forms ofmental ill-health, can be recognized in those young persons sufferingfrom severe clinical psychosis or neurosis, e.g. those suffering fromschizophrenia. These definitions provide a clear and useful taxonomy from which wecan begin to analyse the statistics on the prevalence of mentalill-health in young offenders in the UK. However, before we commencethis analysis, it is first important to briefly examine the perceivedhistorical relationship between mental ill-health and crime ; afterall, it has often been the case in the past that societies across theworld have attributed certain (if not all) aspects of criminality tosymptoms of mental ill-health, in particular mental disorder and mentalillness. For example, The USSR during the Cold War often incarceratedpolitical ‘criminals’ on the basis that they must be mentally insanefor holding such opinions and beliefs. Whilst the above example would shock most people of today, thisphenomenon is not that far removed from how the UK government hastraditionally treated the mentally ill: ‘In the UK, mental health carewas for decades provided only in large ‘asylums’ keeping ‘mentallyill’ people out of society believing this to be for their own good andthat of their communities. Beginning in the 1950s and accelerating atthe end of the 1980s, government policy switched to providing moreservices in the community and in most cases limiting hospital treatmentto when it is needed most acutely’ [All-Party Parliamentary Group onPrison Health, House of Commons, November 2006, p2]. In light of the fact that historically the mentally ill have beendealt with in the same way as convicted criminals, it is not toodifficult to understand why there has developed a publicly perceivedlink between mental illness and criminality. This misconception hasalso been given weight by a small number of brutal homicide cases inwhich the perpetrator was schizophrenic; whilst social workers andpsychiatrists of today realise that schizophrenia does not necessarilycause its owners to be criminally violent, public opinion is still notas understanding: ‘Our understanding of mental ill health has†¦developed [since] that time, though public debate on the topic has notalways been in step†¦ the popular assumption that mental ill health andcriminality are inextricably linked needs to be broken and policyinformed by a deeper understanding of the complex links between mentalill health and offending’ [All-Party Parliamentary Group on PrisonHealth, House of Commons, Novemb er 2006, p2]. Therefore, whilst theremay be certain links between mental ill-health and criminality, thereis no intuitive similarity between these two respective phenomena. 2] How prevalent is mental ill-health in young offenders who arecurrently serving custodial sentences in young offenders’ institutes inthe UK? N.B. At the outset of this section of the literature review it isimportant to remind ourselves that secondary reviews of primary datacan often be misleading or, worse, erroneous. For example, to quote asection from the website of the government’s ‘Crime Reduction Toolkit‘A recent report by the Office for National Statistics, PsychiatricMorbidity Among Young Offenders, found that 9 in 10 young offendersaged between 16-20 years old showed evidence of mental illness’. Thisstatement would, using the taxonomy of mental ill-health discussed insection [1] above, appear to suggest that 90% of young offenders in UKPrisons are suffering from severe psychiatric illnesses such aschizophrenia: such a contention is clearly erroneous as if this werethe case then 90% of young offenders in Prison should in fact not be inprison at all but rather in secure mental hospitals. What the statementshould have said is: ‘A recent report by the Office for NationalStatistics, Psyc hiatric Morbidity Among Young Offenders, found that 9in 10 young offenders aged between 16-20 years old showed evidence ofmental ill-health’. Hopefully this example has shown how careful onemust be when attempting to describe or analyse the data findings fromprimary research. All of the literature and research supports the contention thatmental ill-health among young offenders in UK Prisons is prevalent. Arecent Report suggests that â€Å"Young people in prison have an evengreater prevalence of poor mental health than adults, with 95% havingat least one mental health problem and 80% having more than one. [Laderet al., 2000, cited by Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health, March 2006,p3]†. This same conclusion is reported by Singleton et al. (1998): ‘95per cent of young prisoners aged 15 to 21 suffer from a mentaldisorder. 80 per cent suffer from at least two. Nearly 10 per cent offemale sentenced young offenders reported already having been admittedto a mental hospital at some point.’ A more recent research study conducted by Professor RichardHarrington and Professor Sue Bailey on behalf of the Youth JusticeBoard, entitled ‘Mental Health Needs and Effectiveness of Provision forYoung Offenders in Custody and in the Community’, found thatapproximately 33% of the young offenders sampled had at least onemental health need, approximately 20% suffered from clinicaldepression, approximately 10% of these young offenders had a history ofself-harm   and approximately 10% suffered from post traumatic stressdisorder and severe anxiety . This study also found that approximately5% of the young offenders sampled had symptoms indicative of clinicalpsychosis and that 7% of the sample population seemed to suffer fromhyperactivity. [Harrington and Bailey, 2005]. In conclusion, it seems indisputable that mental ill-health isprevalent among young offenders in the UK, in particular among thoseyouths serving custodial sentences. 3] To what extent is this a recent phenomenon? And to what extent isthis a phenomenon which is particular to young offenders serving asentence in a secure institution rather than to those young offenderswho are serving non-custodial sentences or those young persons who havenot been involved in the Youth Justice system at all? Whilst there is evidence that even as far back as 200 years ago UKPrisons were occupied to some extent by persons who suffered frommental problems, disorders and illness [Thomas Holmes, 1900], it isdifficult to ascertain whether this was due to the same reasons whichcause the phenomenon today, or whether these offenders were simply putin prison because of their mental ill-health, a practice which, asdiscussed above, was common in the nineteenth century. Unfortunately,in regards to the historical po sition, this is not a problem which canever be easily resolved, and it is a question which is still relevantto a discussion of the phenomenon of today: Is the prevalence of mentalill-health among young prisoners due to their treatment within theyouth justice system or did these individuals suffer mental ill-healthprior to their involvement with the justice system? Hagell (2002) p37 suggests that mental ill-health is more prevalent inyoung offenders than in their law-abiding peers, but this still doesnot answer the question of whether the reason that these individualsbroke the law in the first place was because of their mental problems,disorders or illness: â€Å"there is little doubt that young people caughtup in the criminal justice system do have elevated rates of mentalhealth problems when compared to other adolescents. A conservativeestimate would suggest that the rates of mental illness in these youngpeople is three times as high as that for their peers.† Likewise, an article by Sir David Ramsbotham entitled ‘The Needs ofOffending Children in Prison’, which was published in the Report fromthe Conference of the Michael Sieff Foundation entitled ‘The Needs ofOffending Children’, at p19, that whilst 95% of young offenders incustody are suffering from mental ill-health, only 10% of the generalpopulation are suffering from such problems, disorders or illnesses. This finding is supported in result, if not precise figures, by aresearch study which was conducted by the Mental Health Foundationentitled: The Mental Health of Young Offenders. Bright Futures: Workingwith Vulnerable Young People [Hagell, 2002]. This study stated:â€Å"Despite methodological hindrances, it is clear from this review of theliterature that there is a consensus that young people who offend arelikely to have much higher than usual levels of mental health problems.Estimates from research studies suggest that the rates of problems wereapproximately three ti mes as high as for their peers in the generalpopulation. In general, the mental health needs of young offenders arethe same as those of the general adolescent population but more acute.†[Hagell, 2002, p28]. Regarding whether the prison regime itself is responsible for thisprevalence, or merely the fact of incarceration, a study by Nicol et al(2000) found that there was very little difference between the levelsof mental needs in those young persons held in prison and those held inother forms of welfare establishment. This implies that the same mentalproblems, disorders and illnesses which lead a young person to beincarcerated in a welfare institution are also present in those youngoffenders who break the law and are subsequently sentences toimprisonment. A study commissioned by the Youth Justice Board [Harrington andBailey, 2005, p8] seemed to suggest that the mental needs of youngpersons were reduced as a result of being sent to Prison: â€Å"Youngoffenders in the community were found to have significantly more needsthan those in secure care†¦Needs increased for young offendersdischarged from secure facilities back into the community, suggestingthat needs are only temporarily reduced while in custody. In conclusion, there is no doubt that the prevalence of mentalill-health amongst young incarcerated offenders is not a newphenomenon, although it is impossible to state with any certaintywhether this phenomenon is worse now than it ever has been in historypreviously. Regarding whether this phenomenon is particular to youthoffenders over their law-abiding peers, it would seem that it iscertainly more pronounced with this former group, but also with thoseoffenders serving community sentences and those young persons who arebeing held in welfare establishments. 4] Historically, how has the UK Youth Justice System responded to theproblem of mental illness in young offenders who are currently servingcustodial sentences in young offenders’ institutes? As noted earlier, ‘In the UK, mental health care was for decadesprovided only in large ‘asylums’ keeping ‘mentally ill’ people out ofsociety believing this to be for their own good and that of theircommunities. Beginning in the 1950s and accelerating at the end of the1980s, government policy switched to providing more services in thecommunity and in most cases limiting hospital treatment to when it isneeded most acutely’ [All-Party Parliamentary Group on Prison Health,House of Commons, November 2006, p2]. During the 1950’s and 1960’s the link between mental ill-health andcriminality had arguably never been stronger; all prisoners wereregarded as patients who could be effectively ‘treated’ to prevent themfrom re-offending in the future and whilst little specific attentionwas paid to the individual mental needs of offenders, the types oftreatment reforms which were offered by the Criminal Justice System atthis time were very similar to the kinds of group treatment therapiesbeing offered to those mentally disordered and mentally ill patients inthe mental asylums and hospitals of the day. During the 1970’s thisparadigm of offender treatment was abandoned primarily as a result ofresearch studies conducted into the success of some of these treatmentreforms: conclusions from several research studies into theeffectiveness of these criminal treatments on reducing criminalbehaviour strongly suggested that ‘nothing works’ (Thomas-Peter, 2006,p29). T hese embarrassing findings caused the pendulum to swing awayfrom rehabilitation towards a firmer commitment to incapacitation andpunishment through positive custody. During the 1980’s, the wave of ‘new public management’ was born(Thomas-Peter, 2006, p30). This movement focussed heavily upon theprocedural roles of the Prison and Probation Services in reducingre-offending. The Prison service started to contract out some of theirprimary responsibilities in a quest to encourage more efficient servicefrom both their private sub-contractors and also their remaining statePrisons who would have to meet their performance targets to avoid beingprivatised in the same way as so many other Institutions had been.Likewise, the Probation service was reorganised and reintegrated toencourage greater efficiency of performance: ‘[The Probation Service,rather than] a loosely co-ordinated collection of individual socialworkers [became a unified and managed service] with a clearer sense ofdirection and purpose, which was more able to engage on equal termswith other services and to contribute and give effect to nationalpolicies’ (Faulkne r, 2007, p7). During the 1990’s researchers revisited the studies conducted in the1970’s and found that rather than demonstrating that ‘nothing works’,rather they supported the contention that certain types of treatmentinitiatives were working with certain types of individuals: Whilst only10% of a group may have responded well to that treatment, if thesimilarities between those responding offenders could be identifiedthen for this new group, the reform could be said to be verysuccessful. This has lead researchers such as Harper and Chitty (2005)to argue that the new question should not be ‘what works?’ but ‘whatworks for whom, and why’? This paradigm shall be discussed in greaterdetail in section [6] of this literature review. It is important to note that, except for the changes made to theProbation Services in the 1980’s, the above discussion summarizes thedevelopments in the paradigm of Criminal Justice generally and does notspecifically answer the question of how the Criminal Justice system hashistorically dealt with the problem of mental ill-health in youngimprisoned offenders. The fact is that even as late as 2002, there was no real unifiedsystem implemented to deal specifically with this particular problem.Research on this topic was sparse and focused rather than on nationalstrategies, on local remedies such as the pioneering work done by theAdolescent Forensic Services in the Midlands. Generally, where YoungOffenders Institutions were involving forensic psychiatrists or mentalhealth social workers this was not being done with the aim of treatmentor rehabilitation but rather for the purposes of assessment. Also,rather than assessing each young offender, these processes tended to beused for those offenders who were clearly suffering from mentalill-health and those offenders who specifically asked for suchassistance. A report published by the Mental Health Foundation in 2002,entitled ‘The Mental Health of Young Offenders. Bright Futures: Workingwith Vulnerable Young People’ [Hagell, 2002, p23] summarized theposition at that time in the followin g way: â€Å"As far as the MentalHealth Foundation is aware, there is no recent research data availableon the provision of psychological and psychiatric services to youngoffenders across the criminal justice system. However, at the time ofwriting it is clear that, from existing fragmented information, thereis no routine, standardised screening employed across the criminaljustice system and that responses to problems are inadequate andfragmented.† Whilst it is true that certain practical initiatives were introducedfrom the mid-nineties, such as Youth Offending Teams, Detention andTraining Orders, Parenting Orders and Child Safety Orders, thediscussion of the effects of these reforms shall be reserved forsections [6] and [9] of this literature review, in which we shallanalyse the current policy and practical approach employed by the YouthJustice System in dealing with the problem of prevalent mentalill-health among young prisoners. 5] Is there convincing evidence which suggests that there is linkbetween mental illness and the likelihood of being sentenced toimmediate custody? Is there convincing evidence which suggests thatthere is link between mental illness and the prevalence of mentalillness and the high rates of recidivism in young offenders servingcustodial sentences? One would be right to question the relevance of this enquiry to themain purposes of this research paper; after all the objective of thispaper is to examine the current strategy in dealing with the problem ofmental ill-health in young offenders institutes and to proposerecommendations for future clinical research and immediate reform.However, the researcher of this paper has chosen to dedicate a sectionof its literature review to the issues raised in the title of thissection because he feels that, if a convincing link between mentalill-health and criminality/criminal recidivism can be demonstrated thenit would provide additional support for the importance of reform inthis area. After all, the youth of today are the adults of the future,and if it can be shown that reducing the prevalence of mentalill-health in young offender institutions has a positive (reducing)effect on the rates of recidivism then the Criminal Justice System maybe compelled to dedicate extra time, money and resource s on furtherresearch in this area and also on the implementation of reformsdesigned to reduce the prevalence of this problem. The first point to note is that there is a body of research whichsuggests that young persons with mental disorders are more likely to bearrested, charged and convicted for their criminal behaviour than thoseyoung people in similar circumstances who do not have such severemental problems [Teplin, 1984]. This is supported by the research studyconducted by Singleton et al (1998) which found that the majority ofprisoners who had been diagnosed as having mental illness had, prior tohaving contact with the Justice System, already had contact with theNHS and other welfare services. These findings cannot be squared easily with the findings of otherresearch studies which suggest that â€Å"further offending [is] notpredicted by mental health needs or alcohol and drug abuse problems.[Harrington and Bailey, 2005, p8]† After all, if mental ill-health canpredict first instance-offending in young persons, then it must alsosurely be a predictor of recidivism in these persons also. Thisresearcher is therefore more inclined to rely upon other researchstudies which suggest that this is not the case: For example, the studyconducted by the Mental Health Foundation [Hagell, 2002, p24] foundthat: The outcomes for young offenders in need of mental healthservices include: further offending and worsening mental healthproblems if the needs are not met. The two are interlinked. While theoffending may have been a risk factor for mental health problems in thefirst place, it has long been understood that mental health problems inturn go on to be a risk factor for continued off ending (Kandel, 1978;Rutter et al 1998). Early detection may reduce the likelihood thatyoung offenders will persist into adulthood.† 6] What is the approach which is currently employed by the UK Youth Justice System to tackle this problem? As discussed earlier

organisational diagnosis Essay -- essays research papers

Perform a diagnosis of an organization that you are familiar with, using the diagnostic organizational level analysis. Your diagnosis should include an assessment of the organization’s performance and an indication of the underlying cause of problems. 1. What is diagnosis?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diagnosis is a systematic approach to understanding and describing the present state of the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  organization. 2. The open system: The general diagnosis model based on systems theory that underlines most of OD.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The elements in open system model are: - Input: Information, energy, people - Transformations: Social component, technological component - Output: Finished goods, services and ideas 3. Organizational level diagnosis The elements in organizational level diagnosis are: -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inputs: General Environment, Industry Structure -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strategic Orientation: Strategy, Organizational Design -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Output: Organization Performance, Productivity, Stakeholder Satisfaction MICROSOFT CARPOINT ANALYSIS INPUT †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  General Environment: -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology—depends on the advancement the technology, e.g. easy to imitate products/services. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social and Ethical --- less privacy, accuracy and safety. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Economic --- different income and spending, e.g. crisis in Asia causes less purchasing power. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Political and legal --- government regulation, e.g. taxation, domain name registration, copyright. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Company Industry Structure: -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Threat of Entry High barriers: brand identification, economies of scale, international market -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Intensity of Rivalry among Competitors More online car industries, e.g. AutoByTel, AutoWeb, and Auto Vantage Difficult to maintain unique offerings. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pressure from Substitute Products The availability of substitute products: traditional dealers, other online car industry. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bargaining Power of Buyers More purchase options, more valuable and timely information, and the degree of transaction simplicity. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bargaining Pow... ...ned, there are divisional structure which are related to online auto products/services. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  HR system support the Strategic Orientation, to achieve its mission must be supported with well-developed human resources. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organizational Design and Strategy is aligned, the differentiated strategic intent requires an organization design that focuses on the creation of new ideas, marketing and manufacturing REFERENCE Microsoft CarPoint Case Study, http://webct.buseco.monash.edu.au/MKW1601_S1_01_04/assignments/04145060_carpoint.pdf, Accessed: 4 May 2004. Rayport, J.F., Jaworski, B.J., 2001, Introduction to E-Commerce, 1st edition, McGraw Hill, USA Microsoft corperation, 2004, http://autos.msn.com/finance_insurance/finance.aspx?src=LeftNav, Accessed: 2004, May 15). Redmon, Wash. (1998, November 24). â€Å"MSN CarPoint's Personal Auto Page Wins Big With Customers†, < http://www.showroomatfiat.co.uk/press/pap.asp >, (Accessed: 2004, May 15). Marketing Teacher, The Marketing Environment, , Access Date: 17/05/2004 Waddell, D.M., Cummings, T.G. & Worley, C.G. (2000), Organisation Development and Change, Thomson Learning, USA.